Italy is often recognized as the birthplace of the modern social cooperative movement. Long before the international community began discussing 'Zebra' companies or 'Impact Investing,' Italy had already codified a unique business model into law: the Cooperativa Sociale. This model proves that a business can be competitive while prioritizing human dignity and social integration above all else.
A Dual Mission: Type A and Type B
In the Italian system, social cooperatives are generally divided into two categories, both essential to the social fabric:
- Type A (Social Services): These cooperatives focus on providing health, social, or educational services. They manage everything from kindergartens to elderly care homes, ensuring that essential services remain in the hands of the community.
- Type B (Work Integration): This is the 'Zebra' heart of the movement. Type B cooperatives, like Quid or GWB, focus on the professional integration of disadvantaged people—be it individuals with disabilities, former prisoners, or the long-term unemployed. At least 30% of their workforce must come from these disadvantaged groups.
More Than Profit: The Principle of Mutualism
What makes these cooperatives truly unique is the principle of external mutualism. Unlike traditional cooperatives that only benefit their own members, Italian social cooperatives are legally bound to serve the general interest of the community. They are the ultimate 'Commoning' tool, as discussed by experts like Massimo de Angelis.
Resilience in Times of Crisis
Data has shown that social cooperatives are remarkably resilient. During economic downturns, while traditional corporations often cut staff or relocate, cooperatives tend to stabilize employment. They don't leave; they stay rooted in their territory, protecting the local economy and social stability. They are the 'herds' that survive where solitary 'unicorns' fail.
The Way to Co.
The success of the Italian model lies in its democratic nature: one member, one vote. It’s an economy where capital serves people, not the other way around. By supporting these 'Italian Zebras,' we are not just buying products or services; we are investing in a more equitable and sustainable future for all.